Python Programming Tutorial for Beginners (2025)

Complete Python Tutorial for Beginners (2025)

Welcome to the easiest way to learn Python! Whether you're completely new or brushing up your skills, this guide will walk you through the essentials — clearly and practically — with working code examples you can copy and try yourself.

1. Introduction to Python

Python is a powerful, easy-to-read programming language used in web development, automation, data science, AI, and more. It's known for its clean syntax and large community.

2. Your First Python Program

Let’s start by printing something to the screen:

print("Hello, Python!")

3. Variables and Data Types

Python is dynamically typed — you don’t need to declare the type.

name = "Alice"
age = 25
height = 5.4
is_student = True

4. User Input

Get input from the user using input().

name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Welcome, " + name)

5. Conditional Statements

Use if, elif, and else to make decisions.

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age >= 18:
    print("You're an adult.")
elif age > 12:
    print("You're a teenager.")
else:
    print("You're a child.")

6. Loops (for and while)

For Loop

for i in range(5):
    print("Iteration", i)

While Loop

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1

7. Functions

Functions allow you to reuse code and make programs modular.

def greet(name):
    print("Hello,", name)

greet("Alice")

8. Lists

Lists hold multiple items and are very flexible.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits[1])   # Outputs 'banana'
fruits.append("orange")

9. Dictionaries

Dictionaries store data as key-value pairs.

person = {
    "name": "Bob",
    "age": 30
}
print(person["name"])

10. Classes and Objects

Python is object-oriented. You can create your own types using classes.

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def greet(self):
        print("Hi, I'm", self.name)

p = Person("Alice")
p.greet()

11. Exception Handling

Handle errors gracefully using try-except blocks.

try:
    num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    print(10 / num)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
    print("Invalid input.")

12. File Handling

You can read/write files easily.

# Write to a file
with open("demo.txt", "w") as file:
    file.write("Hello, File!")

# Read from a file
with open("demo.txt", "r") as file:
    print(file.read())

13. Useful Built-in Functions

len() – Length of an object
type() – Get type of variable
range() – Generate a sequence of numbers
sum() – Sum of a list
max(), min() – Get maximum and minimum

14. Libraries to Explore

math – For mathematical operations
random – For generating random numbers
datetime – For working with dates and times
os – Interact with the operating system

15. Final Tips

Practice coding every day — it builds confidence.
Use Python's REPL or online interpreters to try code quickly.
Break down problems into smaller steps.
Explore small projects like a calculator, quiz app, or file organizer.

16. Python OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

Python supports Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), which helps you organize code using classes and objects. Let’s go step-by-step through its core concepts:

1. Class and Object

A class is a blueprint, and an object is an instance of that blueprint.

class Car:
    def __init__(self, brand, model):
        self.brand = brand
        self.model = model

    def drive(self):
        print(f"{self.brand} {self.model} is driving.")

# Creating an object
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
my_car.drive()

2. Inheritance

Inheritance allows one class to use the properties and methods of another class.

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
    def bark(self):
        print("Dog barks")

d = Dog()
d.speak()
d.bark()

3. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is about hiding data. We use underscore `_` or double underscore `__` to indicate protected/private variables.

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.__name = name  # private variable
        self.__age = age

    def get_info(self):
        return f"{self.__name} is {self.__age} years old"

p = Person("John", 30)
print(p.get_info())

4. Abstraction

Abstraction hides complex details and shows only essential features. You can use abstract classes using the `abc` module.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

class Square(Shape):
    def __init__(self, side):
        self.side = side

    def area(self):
        return self.side * self.side

s = Square(5)
print(s.area())

5. Polymorphism

Polymorphism means same method name, different behaviors.

class Bird:
    def sound(self):
        print("Bird makes sound")

class Sparrow(Bird):
    def sound(self):
        print("Sparrow chirps")

class Owl(Bird):
    def sound(self):
        print("Owl hoots")

for bird in [Sparrow(), Owl()]:
    bird.sound()

Summary: OOP makes your code reusable, modular, and easier to maintain. Start applying these concepts to your small projects and watch your Python skills grow!

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